ࡱ> jliM >bjbj=="PWW$9l8 \"      [[[[[[[$?] __V\-     \Y  C\YYY XQ  [Y [YY[[  `̨IYxWx[[Y\0\[_X"_[YThe Holocaust of the Roma and confiscation of Roma possessions in Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia Petr Lhotka Before 1938 there were approximately 70 000-100 000 Roma living throughout pre-war Czechoslovakia, the vast majority of them settled in Slovakia. The number of Roma in the Czech lands (Czech, Moravia and Silesia) can be estimated around 8-10 000 persons. While the Moravian Roma lived somewhat settled or permanently settled lives in Romany settlements in south-east Moravia, the majority of Czech Roma were itinerant. These groups of Roma were joined by Sinti (German Roma) living in areas occupied by German-speaking inhabitants. Before the arrival of the Nazis, the typically xenophobic (i.e., focused against a certain style of lifestyle, itinerancy) approach of the state to the Roma was expressed in Law No. 117/1927 Coll., on nomadic Gypsies. After the arrival of the Nazis, an approach based on racial considerations began to be practised. A Protectorate Interior Ministry decree dated 30 November 1939 banning itinerancy was inspired by similar meassures in Germany. On the basis of this decree, all of the Roma who had until then been itinerant were actually settled by the start of February 1940. By 1 April 1940 was total of 6540 persons living on Protectorate territory designated as Gypsies. When Reinhardt Heydrich took office as Reichsprotektor in 1941, the Nazi occupation authority increased its control over events in Protectorate. The Protectorate government issued a regulation on 9 March 1942 (No. 89/1942 Coll.) on the preventive extermination of criminality. At the start of July 1942, a reform of the Protectorate police was undertaken to make it conform even more to the German Reich model and German supervision. The Protectorate police (criminal police and gendarmerie) undertook the individual steps under the supervision German Criminal police (Kripo). On 10 July 1942 The General Commander of the Plainclothes Protectorate police issued order to implement the regulation on exterminating the Gypsy nuisance of 22 June 1942 (as per the German model of 1938). On the basis of this order a list of all Gypsies, Gypsy half-breeds and persons living the Gypsy way of life was compiled, and as of 1 August 1942 the so-called Gypsy camps had been established at Lety by Psek and Hodonn by Kuntt. On 2 August 1942 start the registration of the so-called Gypsies and Gypsy half-breeds. The registration results were not evaluated until the end of the first quarter of 1943. According to the data collected, a total of 11 860 persons were subjected to processing. Of these, the police bodies categorised 5 830 persons as Gypsies and Gypsy half-breeds. Per racial criteria, therefore, this registry ascertained there were approximately 6 500 ethnic Roma and half-breeds. Their nomadic permits were confiscated. Some of them were immediately imprisoned after registration in the so-called Gypsy camps at Lety by Psek and Hodonn by Kuntt. The Gypsy camp at Lety by Psek was located at the site of the former disciplinary labour camp. Even though its capacity was increased to 600 prisoners, this still was not enough, because during the August 1942 more then 1 100 men, women and children were rounded up there. Totally 1309 persons suffered in this camp, of which 326 perished at the site. The Gypsy camp at Hodonn by Kuntt served as site for the forced concentration of the Moravian Roma. The condition for accommodation, nutrition and hygiene were just catastrophic as at Lety and the camp management was identical, staffed by Protectorate gendarmerie. Approximately 1375 persons underwent internment at Hodonn by Kuntt. As a result of illness, primarily during the time of the typhus epidemic, and as a result of living conditions, 207 people perished there. Per Himmlers order of 16 December 1942 on the deportation of Roma to Auschwitz II-Birkenau, prisoners of the Protectorates Gypsy Camps were to be the first sent to concentration camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau. The German criminal police managed the selection of persons for deportation, but the action as a whole was performed by bodies of the Protectorate criminal police. The first transport of Protectorate Roma from Moravia to the concentration camp Auschwitz II-Birkenau took place on 8 March 1943. Further mass transports followed on 11 March, 19 March, 7 May, 22 August, 19 October 1943 and on 28 January 1944, a total of 4870 persons. Together was from the Protectorate to Auschwitz deported more than 5 000 Roma. On Protectorate territory, therefore, it is estimated that approximately 200 Roma remained at large (some of them in hiding). Another group of Roma received confirmation from the authorities that they were excluded from the transports. This group was later forced to undergou sterilisation. After the liberation, 583 Roma prisoners returned to Czech lands from the concentration camps. Roma possessions confiscated by the Nazis The losses suffered by the Roma did not consist in seized property only. In some cases the prohibition of nomadic life and enforced settlement of Roma resulted in a loss of their original source of income from plying trades and its replacement by day labour. Only after the registration on 2 August 1942 did an Inspector of the Plainclothes Protectorate police order on 31 October 1942 to review the nomadic permits held by persons living in the so-called Gypsy manner. This measure prevented this population group from carrying out their trades, depriving them of their subsistence. It affected a total of 340 persons, including 166 without permanent home. Nomadic permits were withdrawn after the registration of 2 August 1942 and only three were returned after this date. From 1 July 1942 were anti-Roma measures managed by the General Commander of the Plainclothes Protectorate police. The top link in the organisation was the Office of the General Commander of the Plainclothes Protectorate police. Inspectorates were set up in Bohemia and Moravia for these provinces. They became the decisive factor in the carrying out of anti-Roma measures, which had been done until 1942 by the Protectorate Ministry of the Interior. Detailed instructions for the implementation of the ordinance on combating the Gypsy nuisance were issued on 23 July 1942. The instructions ordered that the transportation charges were to be paid by the deportees and their ration books were to be confiscated. The persons interned in the Gypsy camps in Lety by Psek and Hodonn by Kuntt could keep only bare necessities (clothes, underwear, bed linen, blankets, kitchenware) weighing up to 50 kg per person. Other moveable assets of the detainees were to be sold off and their debts were to be settled with the proceeds of the sale. According to the camps rules, the prisoners had to hand in all valuebles and cash on arrival. If any used their own caravan to reach the camps, both caravans and draft animals were seized. Prisoners in the Gypsy camps had no right to dispose of their possessions. An order by Heinrich Himmler of 16 December 1942 became the starting point for the genocide of Roma in the concentration camp Auschwitz II-Birkenau. According to another of Himmlers order, the possessions of Roma interned in the Auschwitz II Birkenau was confiscated in favour of the Reich. Possessions of Roma interned in the concentration camp was confiscated on the basis of a Third Reichs law on the property of enemies of the Nation and State of 14 July1933, as happened to other groups and individuals prosecuted by the Nazis. The bodies competent to enforce this law were the Gestapo, togheter with Reichs Security Office (Reichssicherheitsamt RSHA) and the German Criminal Police (Kripo). Until the confiscated possessions was taken over by these organisations, it was administered by the State Police (Stapo). For the territory of the Protectorate the key legal regulation was an edict on dealing with the property in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia issued on 4 October 1939. The scope of the edict was expanded to speak of enemy property of Roma by the German Ministry of Interior on 26 January 1943, three days before the issue of RSHA implementing Himmlers order for deportations of Roma to the concentration camp Auschwitz II-Birkenau. The General Commander of the Plainclothes Protectorate police explained how to deal with the possessions of Roma persons deported to the concentration camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau in a letter of 21 June 1943. According to the ordinance on combating Gypsy nuisance of 10 June1942, the deportees property was to be sold off at public auctions by the local communities. Proceeds from these auctions were to be deposited with courts. Most of the property was confiscated during the transports to the Gypsy camps Lety by Psek and Hodonn by Kuntt in August 1942. This possessions in Moravia was to be transferred from the courts to be administered by the Protectorate Criminal police Headquarter in Brno and Protectorate Criminal police stations at Jihlava, Olomouc, Moravsk Ostrava and Zln. All of the deportees property was forfeited in favour of the Germany (Reich), and the Brno Headquarter of the Gestapo could dispose of it in Moravia. The property was to be secured by the communities. Part of the confiscated property was quarded by the Protectorate Criminal police Headquarter in Brno (it was property of those deported on 7. and 19. March 1943). The property of Roma transported to the concentration camp Auschwitz II-Birkenau directly from their homes was handled like the property of Roma interned after August 1942 in the Gypsy camps Lety by Psek and Hodonn by Kuntt. Cash and valuables handed in on arrival were transferred to the Protectorate Criminal police Headquarters in Brno and Prague. Possessions confiscated in so-called Gypsy camps Lety by Psek and Hodonn by Kuntt All possessions of the deportees Roma was confiscated on arrival. It included cash, savings bank books, valuables (rings, earrings, watches), as well as personal effects (clothing, kitchenware), and in some cases caravans and horses. The internees were forbidden to own anything. Since most were deported directly from the Gypsy camps to the concentration camp in Auschwitz, the confiscated possessions was not returned to them. In the Gypsy camp at Lety by Psek cash was confiscated in the amount of 100 000 crowns and deposited in the District Savings Bank at Mirovice. The balance was left in the camp safe and released prisoners were paid from it. On 8 August 1943 the balance in the camp safe totalled 81 367,45 crowns. It was transferred to the account of the District Savings Bank at Mirovice. Of the sum of 81 367,45 crowns, 49 550,15 belonged to unknown owners, 32 520,45 crowns to prisoners deported to Auschwitz, 29 885, 45 crowns to the deceased and 9011,40 crowns to fugitive prisoners. The Commander of the Gypsy camp Lety by Psek handled valuables and confiscated savings bank books in the same way. Valuables (2 gold rings, 1 pair of gold earrings, 1 gold earring, 2 pocket silver watches with chin, silver pocket watch, chrom-plated wristwatch) and 29 savings bank books with a total deposit of 3 430,80 crowns were entrusted to the District court in Psek after dismantlement of the camp. The same procedure was followed in the Gypsy camp in Hodonn by Kuntt. In a report of the Commander of the camp on confiscations of the possessions from the prisoners deported on 21. August 1943 to Auschwitz II-Birkenau was included: valuables (3 gold rings, 1 pair of gold earrrings, 1 gold necklace, 2 silver rings, 1 silver bracelet, 1 silver chain and 1 silver chain with pendant), cash of 154 prisoners totalling 72 138,30 crowns and 8 savings bank books with a total deposit of 2 187,30 crowns, were deposited in early October 1943 with the Headquarters of the Protectorate police in Brno. Caravans and horses were sold at public auctions. In the case of the Hodonn u Kunttu camp, this concerned 19 caravans whose value was calculated by the local blacksmith in May 1943. The best parts of these caravans (chassis and suspensions) were sold off to the local peasants. The best parts sold, according to eye-wittness, for 300-500 crowns. To recapitulate, all possessions of internees in the Protectorates Gypsy camps was confiscated. It was not returned to them even if they were released. Possessions left by interned Roma families in their homes was for the most part misappropriated or destroyed. Since most Roma imprisoned in the Protectorates Gypsy camps were deported to the concentration camp Auschwitz II-Birkenau, this possessions was confiscated by the occupation authorities as possession of enemies of the Reich. After World War II a total of 538 Roma came back from concentration camps to the territory of Bohemia and Moravia. Estimated 200 individuals survived on territory of the Protectorate either legally or illegaly. In many cases the survivors could not return home, because their villages had been demolished after forced deportation. However, the surviving relatives were allowed to inherit the possessions of their murdered relatives. Nevertheless, it was only the case of those, whose realatives had been kept in the concentration camp (Auschwitz II-Birkenau). The possessions confiscated in so-called Gypsy camps in Lety by Psek and Hodonn by Kuntt were given back only partially and there have never been any compensations. The acknowledgment of the Holocaust of Roma is largely down to prof. Ne as of the Masaryks University in Brno and also partly down to the  Union of Gypsies-Roma which was active from 1970 to 1973. After 1989 this work was taken on above all by the Museum of Romany Culture in Brno and by other individuals and groups. The overall value of the confiscated possessions is very difficult to calculate. The richest Roma dealt with sums at the value of ten thousands of crowns but the poorest were dispossessed. The vast majority of Roma were poor and the value of their possessions was counted in hundreds of crowns. According to the date from the Gypsy camp Lety by Psek and Gypsy camp Hodonn by Kuntt the value of the confiscated bank accounts savings were around 350 400 000 crowns. The confiscated jewelery and other valuables were of some value as well. The confiscated properties (houses and lands) were estimated at the value in terms hundreds and thousands crowns. PAGE  PAGE 4 cp2+9+>>>>>>>>>>>>>0JmHnHu0J j0JU5\mH sH  56\]cop8 V G 9~! #(r)**2+3+,$a$>>,'/0}4m6J9C<>>>>>>>>>&`#$$a$ 1h. 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