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\f1\fs24\lang1031\langfe1031\cgrid\langnp1031\langfenp1031 {\b\fs32\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 Thomas Lutz
\par }{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 Topography of Terror Foundation, Germany
\par }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 Lecture
\par 
\par }{\b\fs32\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 Memorial museums and ITF
\par }{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
\par 
\par Holocaust Era Assets Conference, Prague, June 26 \endash  30, 2009
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\i\f38\fs26\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 WG Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research (Sunday, June 28):
\par }{\i\f39\fs26\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 \'93Remembrance, Memorials and Museums\'94}{\i\f38\fs20\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
\par 
\par 
\par Dear ladies and gentlemen!
\par 
\par In the following }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 brief}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  presentation I will }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 relate}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 some facts about}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  memorial museums in Germany in respect }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 to}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the depiction of the Nazi-victims. Based on these facts}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  I will }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 then }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
point out the advantage of working together on the international level }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 through}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the ITF. After}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}
{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  I will add two chapters }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 about }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 how
 to deal with actual challenges in the work of memorial museums on authentic sites in Germany and Europe}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  and}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 t}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 he importance of \'93eyewitnesses\'94 in }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 m}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 emorial }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 m}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 useums and the struggle }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
over}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the politics of memory regarding victims of \'93}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 t}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 otalitari}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ani}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 sm\'94 in Europe.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 Special features of memorial museums in Germany
\par }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 The actual culture of memory differs }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 a lot,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  if you compare it with the \'93
old, }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 typical}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 \'94 way the First World War was commemorated in Germany and also with the commemoration of state crimes and }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 g}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 enocides in many other countries.
\par Because Germany was divided after the Second World War for 40 years}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  two different cultures of memories }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 have}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  developed.
\par In the German Democratic Republic (GDR) we had the traditional model: }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 t}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 he culture of memory was invented and organize
d by the state. The commemoration was focused on }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 our}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  \'93own\'94
 victims. In this case that meant the communist resistance fighters. The aim was to create a tradition }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 celebrating}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the new state, }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 its }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 government and political system. Because this }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 was}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  based on the communist idea, the resistant fight of communist}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 s}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  against }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 f}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 ascism was }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 placed }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
in the foreground \endash  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 and it did not have}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  much to do with the history of the historical sites. Many sites were neglected }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 while}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the other groups of Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
victims were }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 never}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  explained or valued in a proper matter.
\par Because the political and economic system }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 of}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the GDR was different}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 , so the story went,}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the roots of the German }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 f}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 ascism }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
had been}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  eradicated. In the GDR}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  it was not }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 considered }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 necessary to deal with the perpetrators. The perpetrators were the \'93others\'94}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 :}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 m}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 embers of capitalist countries - like the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).

\par In the FRG dealing with Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 crimes and }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 their}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  victims was suppressed for decades. In the wake of the student movement}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 another movement started to dig}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 -}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 up the history }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 at}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  authentic sites connected with Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 crimes and w}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 h}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 ere victims suffered and }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 were}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 buried}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 , many of them}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  without dignified}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  by a}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  gravesite.
\par }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 Such}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  historical sites }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 were}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 important for different reasons: First of all}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  these sites }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 provided}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  evidence that these crimes }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 indeed had }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 happened and it was }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 no}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  more possible to deny }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 them}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
. Secondly}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 , the realization dawned that}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  different groups of victims }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 had}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 been }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 persecuted}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
 at all these sites}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 . It was the task of the newly developed }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 and still small}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 memorial museums to explain the reasons why these groups }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 had been}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  persecuted \endash  with all the complexity }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 that goes with that kind of discussion including the}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  differences in the treatment }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
of the various victim groups }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 by the Nazis and the }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ways people}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  survive}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 d}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the state}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \rquote s}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  crimes and }
{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 the }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 genocide. Because 90% of Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  v}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 ictims came from foreign countries}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  and }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 because}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the German victims }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 of Nazism had been first expelled from}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  main stream German society before they were persecuted and killed, the commemoration of the Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 victims in post}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 -}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 war FRG was }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
typically}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  a commemoration of the \'93other\'94 victims. This }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 was }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 a real }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 social}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  advancement. The commemoration of the Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 victims }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 came to be}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  combined with }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
the}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  civil rights movement in West}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 Germa
ny and the endeavors for reconciliation with the states which }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 had been}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  attack by the Wehrmacht during the Second World War.
\par }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 The }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 research}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  conducted}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 into memorial}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  sites, organizations and institutions }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 was}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  so close to the interested young historians, social workers, teachers etc.}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 , that}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 they }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 became frightened about}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  how close the murderous Nazi-regime was to a normal society and how many }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 people}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 had}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  supported it in }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 a variety of}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 different}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 ways. Connected with the commemoration of the \'93other\'94 victims }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 began }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 a self}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 -}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 critical examination }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 of our}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  \'93own\'94 }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 German }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 perpetrators.
\par It was crucial that this process }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 was }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 started by civil action groups. They demand}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ed that}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  society and }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 its}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  political decision}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 -}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 maker}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 s}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  act. Without the s
upport of the public authorities it }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 would be simply}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  impossible to run a museum in Germany. These }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 social}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  demands were so strong that }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 most}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  responsible governments decided to support the new memorial museums}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  being created across the country}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 . 
\par On one }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 hand,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  this }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 marked}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 an important development }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 in}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  society and it }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 has become}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  mainstream in German society. On the other hand}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the institutions are}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  still}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  small and behind all}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  the}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 nice words and political correctness it is an everyday struggle to }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 generate}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  support for }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 these}
{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  institutions.
\par From my point of }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 view,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the opening of the debate about the Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 crimes, the commemoration of the different groups of victims \endash  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 and especially of}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the Jews as the group which }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 became}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the central target of persecution }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 due to}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \rquote }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 s racist-b
iological definition of society \endash  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 facing}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 social }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 responsibility }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 that comes with the legacy of}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the perpetrators }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 became}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  \'93new}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \'94 and}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \'93}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 unusual\'94. But it also }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 contributed}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  to }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 the}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  democratic development of society and }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 to the }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 self}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 -}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
reflection about the quality }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 of }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 the development of democratic society in Germany}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  --}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  especially how minorities and weak persons }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 could have}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 a chance to live a normal life in Germany.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 The international cooperation in the ITF \endash  especially }{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 in }{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
the Memorial and Museums }{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 W}{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 orking }{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 G}{
\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 roup
\par }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 Speaking generally }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 about the history of Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 crimes and the affiliated culture of memory}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 we have two countries on the opposite si}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 d}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 es: Germany \endash the country }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 that killed}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the Jews in Europe \endash  and Israel \endash the country where }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 the most}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 survivors live and }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 whose}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  tradition is based on the oath to prevent such a mass murder against Jews}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  from occurring}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  in the future. }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 All}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  other countries }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 fall somewhere}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 in between. Especially the countries which were occupied by Germany and }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 its}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  allies }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
should be considered}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  victims of the Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 regime. }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 T}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 he history }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 of}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 these countries is quiet different}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  nevertheless one can see }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 in all their histories }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 a mixture of opposition, resistance, }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 opportunism}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
, support and cooperation, both on a national and on an individual level}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 , with the Nazi occupier}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 . And witho
ut the different levels of collaboration the deportation of Jews, }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 as well as }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 of forced laborers or political opponents}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 would have been}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  impossible. }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 D}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 ealing with this history has also been very different }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 from country to country}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 . }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 Quite}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  often one }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 finds}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  specific myths inherent in the }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 national narratives}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  of the World War II}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  era}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 . }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 Quite}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  often only }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 one\rquote s}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  \'93own\'94 victims are commemorated,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  and}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  in some countries the culture of memory is divided between groups }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 who were treated}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100\charrsid1918864 different}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100 ly}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100\charrsid1918864 
 during}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the war or }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 who have }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
dissimilar political opinions nowadays. Only recently it has become more usual to speak openly about the system behind the persecution}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 s}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 and how }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 one\rquote s}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  \'93own\'94 countrymen acted}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  within that system}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 . The perpetrators are }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 usually considered}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 to be}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  \'93others\'94.
\par 
\par The cooperation in the ITF}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  and }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 among}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 its}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  different }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 W}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 orking }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 G}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 roups}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 , shows}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 its }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 understanding }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 for}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the reasons for different approaches to the same }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 historical }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
period in various countries. The view }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 across}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  borders also helps to recognize the strength, weaknesses and 
myths concerning the interpretation of the World War II\endash  at least in its European dimensions}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid12598421  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 -- in one\rquote s own country}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 . }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 This}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  could be a starting point to scrutinize one}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \rquote }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 s own interpretation}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  of events}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 .
\par From my point of view}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  a self}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 -}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
critical and pluralistic }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 wrestling}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  with }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 the}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 history of this period represents}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  an important step not only to understand }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 this }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 history }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 (}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
which is important for all of us}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ) but also as}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  a way to develop democratic and open structures }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
for}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  negotiating important topics in a civil society.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 The importance of eyewitnesses for Memorial Museums
\par }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 About 65 years after the liberation from the Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 regime it }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 has become}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  an international trend to point out that in the near future survivors of Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 persecution }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 will no longer be around to}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  contribute to the explanation}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  of}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  this history }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 or to}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 tell their own stor}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ies}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 . In my eyes this argument is a bit short}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 -}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 circuited. }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 For, i}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 t is necessary to see this development in }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 greater perspective}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1031\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af0\langnp1033\langfenp1031\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 For }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 many }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 people who work in }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 the}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  field of Holocaust }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 e}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 ducation}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 the encounter and friendship with survivors is }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 a great}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  motivation to do their work. I believe there is no other profession }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 in which professionals have}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  to}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  regularly}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  face the los}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 s}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  of people they work together \endash  and often bec}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 o}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 me friends \endash }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  with, as}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 professionals in memorial museums}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  often do}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 . }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 The}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  dea}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 th}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100\charrsid1918864 of }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100 an}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100\charrsid1918864  eyewitness}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 often represents}
{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  a distressful personal situation for many of us.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1031\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af0\langnp1033\langfenp1031\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 2.\tab}Many people }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 were}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  killed during the Nazi-period and }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 thus never had the }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
chance to tell their story. }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 And even}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  if not one survivor}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  had been left among us,}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  it }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 would still be}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  our task to teach }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 about }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 the Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \lquote s }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
crimes and to commemorate the victims. We have several }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 areas}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  of Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 crimes where the work of memorial museums }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 had to happen}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 without eyewitnesses from the beginning\endash  for example the 70}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 000 handicapped}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  persons}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  and institutionalized patients who were killed during the \'93Aktion T 4\'94 in gas chambers between }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 early}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  1940 and }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 the }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 autumn}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  of}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  1941. }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 One might also keep in mind that}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  Primo Levi characterized himself as a 
\'93second}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 -}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 hand eyewitness\'94. In his eyes the }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 true }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 eyewitnesses of Auschwitz were the human}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  being}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
s killed in the gas chambers and shot by the SS.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1031\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af0\langnp1033\langfenp1031\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 3.\tab}During the decades }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 the nature of eye}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 witness}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  testimony has changed}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 . 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1031\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af0\langnp1033\langfenp1031\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 a.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 First of all}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  because of their age}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the eye witnesses who }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 are left to}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  speak up now were }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 only }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 teens or children }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 when}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 they were persecuted by the Nazis and their allies. Some decades ago we }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 were able to}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  hear }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
quite}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  different }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 kinds of }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 stories from older survivors. Many of the}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 se}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  consciously }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 observed}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 the rise of the Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 regime and had a different }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 relationship}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  to this history. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1031\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af0\langnp1033\langfenp1031\insrsid223701 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 b.\tab}}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 Moreover,}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the personal stories of eyewitnesses are affected by the politics of memory. One important occasion was the end of the communist regimes in Middle and Eastern Euro
pe. I know many survivors whose personal story changed with the political and }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 social}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  changes and the }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 change in the level of}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  attention }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 paid }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 to them}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  and to their stories}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1031\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af0\langnp1033\langfenp1031\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 4.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 Germany: Only a very small number of visitors }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 to}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  memorial museums have the chance to }{\ul\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 encounter}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 survivors of these special historical places. }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 Despite the}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  de}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 c}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 reasing possibility }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 of meeting}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  eyewitnesses}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  interest in learning about the Nazi-}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 era }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 history and the crime sites has}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  in fact}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  increased. Also}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  if you compare the present-day situation of many memorial museums with the }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 situation}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  two decades ago}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 , one must draw the conclusion that}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 the importance of these institutions}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 , and the conditions of research and learning at them}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  have increased }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 in magnitude }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 \endash  from the US Holocaust Memorial Museum }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 as well as}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  many new or advanced memorial museums in Germany, new Holocaust Museums in France and Hungary }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 as well as}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 extension of}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  Yad Vashem}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 .}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1031\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af0\langnp1033\langfenp1031\insrsid223701 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 5.\tab}}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 Even if}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  we sadly }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 lack}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the possibility }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 of
}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  encounter}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ing}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  survivors of the Nazi}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 crimes on the professional level}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the situation to explain their fate}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 s}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  during the Nazi-}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 era }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 persecution}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 s}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 and after their liberation is much better today }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 then}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  it was earlier}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 .}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  We can explain the }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 fates}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 of different groups who where persecuted by the Nazis and their allies much better \endash  on a group}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  as well as on}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 the}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  individual level!}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  The reasons for this are as follows:}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1031\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af0\langnp1033\langfenp1031\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 a.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 There is much more historical knowledge }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
available regarding }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 this period.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1031\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af0\langnp1033\langfenp1031\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 b.\tab}There is much more material from eyewitnesses (evidence, testimonie
s, pictures, audio- and video-records, objects used by them during the persecution}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 , etc.}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 ) to explain the history from the }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 perspective}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  of the survivors}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 .}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1031\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\af0\langnp1033\langfenp1031\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 c.\tab}The curators and educators are much more sensitive }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 now in how they explain}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  th}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 is}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 history and have much more experience }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 in }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 how to teach the personal stor}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ies}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  in the historical context.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 To summarize my point of view in a positive way: }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 t}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 he memorial museums and other related institutions}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  by now}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  have the expertise and the capacity to explain the history of Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
persecution from the standpoint of }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 those}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  who suffered under the Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 regime. Th}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 is}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  history is so important that }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 it}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  will continue further then the third generation. 
\par In Maurice Halbwach}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \rquote }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 s theory about the development of cultural memory this }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 is}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  possible only if on the one hand }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 social}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  interest in the field }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 remains}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  vivid }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 while}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 on the other hand institutions }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 continue to}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  provide information about }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 this history}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 . }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 I recent}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  years one notice}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 s}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  an increasing }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 level of }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 interest in dealing with the history of the Holocaust and
}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  in}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
crimes at an international level.
\par I am confident that memorial museums for the victims of the Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 regime }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 will be}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  able to fulfill the task }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 of}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  commemorat}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ing}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the victims and teach}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ing}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 about }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 this}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  history. Without eyewitnesses these \'93stone witnesses\'94 will become more important.
\par The question is how far governments and societies support them in performing their task}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 s}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  based on the}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ir}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  scientific expertise and in dialog}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ue}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  with civil society}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  as a whole}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 .
\par 
\par }{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 The struggle }{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 over}{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the politics of memory and the efforts to }{
\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 mix-up}{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  different dict}{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 at}{\b\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
orships in establishing August 23 as a European Commemoration Day
\par }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 On April 2, 2009}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  a resolution passed the European }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 P}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 arliament }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 promoting }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
August 23 as a common day }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 of}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  commemorat}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ion for}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  \'93all victims of totalitarian and authoritarian regimes\'94. }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 I assume that}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 if many parliamentarians }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 are}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 un}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 aware of the problems }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 of commemorating}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 this day, }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 such a commemoration day will }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 inevitably }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 minimize the remembrance of Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 crimes. I }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 offer}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  the following arguments for my presumption:
\par }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 By employing}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  August 23 as a European}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 -wide}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  day to commemorate every state crime}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  at the same time,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  totally}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  mixes-up completely disparate phenomena}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 :
\par }\pard \ql \fi-360\li770\ri0\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\f36\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 -}{\f0\fs14\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \tab }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 Commemorating t}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 his day symbolize}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 s}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
 that Germany and the Soviet Union are equally responsible for World War II. This is a political statement, but has nothing to do with the }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 true }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 reasons why the Second World War had begun. New myths will be created!
\par }{\f36\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 -}{\f0\fs14\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 It mixes up }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
two}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  totally different aims of the war: The Holocaust, the genocide against Roma and the \'93Generalplan Ost\'94 as the ideological }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 basis for}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  the German }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 war of }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 extermination against Poland and the Soviet Union}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 are totally different aims compared to the occupation }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 of Europe }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 by the Soviet Union.
\par }{\f36\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 -}{\f0\fs14\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 This symboli}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
sm}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  presumes that the states which were occupied by Germany and the Soviet Union during the World War II or were satellites of the Soviet Union after the end of the war}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  were}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  simply innocent}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
 victims of two dictatorships and only the foreign powers }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 are to be held}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  responsible for everything}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  bad that went on}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 . (An excellent example for this statement is the \'93House of Terror\'94 in Budapest.) 
\par }\pard \ql \li758\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin758\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 The historical situation was }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 quite}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  different in}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  the}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
 different states, cities or regions - and it is necessary to look }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 at each situation}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  in detail. Generally }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 speaking,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  states and their civilians where victims \endash  no doubt about it \endash  and they }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
often }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 offer}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ed}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  resistance. But they also }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 at times }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 collaborated, profited or at least looked }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 the other }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 way as the crimes against humanity and genocides happened. }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100\charrsid6821967 Not only }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100 was}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100\charrsid6821967  victimhood }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100 part of }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100\charrsid6821967 European history}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100 , but}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100\charrsid6821967  the perpetrators }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100 also }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100\charrsid6821967 
came from }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100 every}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100\charrsid6821967  European countr}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100 y}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100\charrsid6821967 . }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 It is undoubted}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ly the case}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  that }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 the starting point of}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
 the Second World War was the German occupation. But without the support of local institutions and persons the Holocaust}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  the deportation of }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 f}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 orced }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 l}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
aborers or the incarceration of political opponents }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 would have been}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  impossible. 
\par My }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 fear}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  is that these facts could be forgotten }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 by using August 23}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 as the European}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  commemoration day.
\par }\pard \ql \fi-360\li770\ri0\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\f36\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 -}{\f0\fs14\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \tab }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 A}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 nother aim of August 23}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 , }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
the mourning and commemoration of all victims of all dictatorships together}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 , may well be impossible}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 . }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 On the contrary,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  using this day for }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 such a}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  purpose is an affront against Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 victims. Most }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 Holocaust}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  survivors today }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 would }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
clearly }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 reject being}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  commemorated together with victims of the Soviet}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  regime.}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  The c}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  m }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid2258100\charrsid6821967 complicated}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  connections }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 between}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 crimes and the post}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 -}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 war situation }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 makes }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 it possible that }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 people who were }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 perpetrators during the Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 period could have become victims}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  themselves afterwards}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 . If they are commemorated together you dignify the victims and their murderers at the same time.
\par }{\f36\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 -}{\f36\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
Beyond that it does not make sense to commemorate all victims on the same day. Th}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 e}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
n you have only rituals without content. Especially with the passage of ti
me it will become more important to combine information about the commemorated groups and the historical context in which they suffered. Otherwise it is impossible to understand why they suffered.
\par }{\f36\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 -}{\f36\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 I am astonished that an old theory which }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 has long been}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  sc
ientifically obsolete is now politically used to equalize the public crimes committed by the Nazis in Germany and in occupied countries during the World War II with the public crimes committed by the Stalinist Soviet Union and in their satellite countries
}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 .}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  
\par }\pard \ql \li758\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin758\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
This leads us back to an equalizing and revanchist political debate which was conducted during the peak of the cold war in the 1950s.
\par }\pard \ql \fi-360\li770\ri0\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\f36\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 -}{\f36\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \tab }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 T}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 he promotion of August 23 is }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 also }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 dangerous}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid601936  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 for the }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
politics of remembrance. Establishing a unique European culture of commemoration will create new myths and taboos. The histor}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ies of }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
the various nations }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 are}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  too different. The first step must be to }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
handle the history of different countries in }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 an open and pluralistic }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 way}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
. And this includes commemorat}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ing all}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  the victims}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  but also elaborat}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ing}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 about }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 who was responsible for the suffering of }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 each victim group}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 , }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 what}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  the historical situation }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 was }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 and }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 what}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  the attitudes of state agencies and individuals were}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  in relation to the situation}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 .
\par }\pard \ql \li758\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin758\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
Secondly one should learn why the cultures of memory in different countries are different, try to reach a mutual understanding and think self}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 -}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
critical}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ly}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  about }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 one\rquote s }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
own approach to history}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 ,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  what}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \rquote }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 s correct}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  about it}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  and what }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 sti
ll needs to}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  be improved.
\par }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 A}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 fter }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 taking }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
these two steps it may be possible to think more about a European culture of remembrance. But}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  to me,}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 this}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 w}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 ould }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 mean bringing together a variety of}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  opinions instead of impose one single }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 point of view}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 .
\par }\pard \ql \fi-360\li770\ri0\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin770\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\f36\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 -}{\f36\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 \tab }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  If }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 Nazi}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 victim
s and the victims of Stalinism }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 were to}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  be commemorated separately it }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 would be}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  very difficult to have a similar acknowledgement of the more unique groups of victims on }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 the}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  international level. }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 It would be impossible to commemorate every group }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 
of victims }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 for every single}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  dictatorship}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 -}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  \endash  especially}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  for the victims of}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967  the Nazi}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid6821967 regime and Stalinism. 
\par }\pard \ql \li360\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 
\par }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 My conclusion is}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701  this}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 : The only result what you can learn from }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 commemorating}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  August 23 as a symbolic day is that dictatorships are evil! But }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 with this date }{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 it is impossible to }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 either }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
commemorate the victims of the different historical situations in a proper way or to learn anything from history!
\par 
\par My question is: }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 Why}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  is }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 it}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
 that some politicians and governments are so }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 eager}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  to put something together }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 that}{
\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  }{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701 for}{\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864  personal, historical and scientific reasons makes no sense?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9059534 {\lang1033\langfe1031\langnp1033\insrsid223701\charrsid1918864 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid223701\charrsid2258100 
\par }}