ࡱ> []\ @ _*bjbjʚʚ:X3"+TTTTTTTh,,,8dt<h  666hjjjjjj$RTTT66T6T6hhTT6 p, T0  hhTTTT Tkthh,lXhh,Improving the Social Situation of former victims of Nazism. Lecture by Dr. Nathan Durst, Amcha-Israel. During the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ( 962-1806), many people from Central and Eastern Europe, the Slaves, were sold into slavery, back then a normal custom. Again, between 1939-1945, some 12 million people from Central and Eastern Europe-including Russia, were taken to Nazi-Germany as forced laborers, living in conditions similar to slaves. In the following lecture, I will give a short historical overview of the laws issued to compensate Nazi-victims such as: Holocaust survivors, slave-laborers, homosexuals, gypsies, etc. Then I will discuss A. Maslows model The Basic Human Needs. Based on this model Ill explain nowadays essential needs and steps that should be taken by governments and their institutions to enhance the social and material situation of these elderly victims, still living among us. Historical overview. 1953 (London) Agreement on External depts.; forced labor was not accepted. 1957: Compensation for Holocaust victims, formerly German citizens, refugees, etc. 1980: Hardship Fund, for those that fled to Eastern Europe, excluding those living behind the Iron Curtain. 1993: Article 2 Central and Eastern European Fund: including former Soviet Union. 2002: Slave and Forced Labor Agreement (Remembrance-Responsibility and Future) As we can see from this overview it took nearly 50 years since the beginning of negotiations for approx. 1 1/2 million of the Slave Laborers still alive (out of close to 12 million slave laborers) to get financial compensation for having been taken to Nazi Germany by force, to work and live under inhuman conditions. 50 years later they were paid. "Justice" was done!? However, they were never really compensated for the hardship they had endured during the war, or the lack of absorption and rehabilitation after returning home. Basic Human Needs, a model developed by A. Maslow (1908-1970) We all know the slave laborer living in captivity was as vulnerable as a baby. His living conditions completely controlled by his captor. Regarding his most basic needs as a human being, he is totally dependent, being in a state of helplessness, deprived of his normal human rights while everyone around him sees him as an easy prey, cheap and replaceable. According to Maslow, in humans nature there are different basic needs: 1) Deficiency needs that must be met in order to survive, function, grow and develop These needs are hierarchical, ranging from essential requirements for sustaining life, e.g.: Physiological and biological needs: food, shelter, rest. After these are satisfied, nature is in need of safety, stability and permanency . On a higher level we find the social needs such as: a sense of belonging, of feeling needed, loved and respected, etc. I will not go into the so called psychological needs, like acceptance by others, gratification and self esteem. 2) the growth needs, like freedom, goodness and justice. It is clear that these basic needs are universal, true throughout history, not inherent to a certain culture, or society. The lack of it will ultimately lead to a loss of faith in humans and humanity, undernourishment, disaster, illness and eventually death. Application of a need-hierarchy for the social situation of Nazi victims. Former Nazi victims, Holocaust survivors and slave laborers alike, are at this moment in history; mostly elderly people are confronted with a host of circumstances that are directly connected with their growing older. The fact is that most, if not all, former (post-traumatic) victims live for many years with a feeling of loneliness (and sometimes bitterness) based on the objective fact that they were abandoned by their government and by society in general. In Central and Eastern Europe they never got recognition for their fate. A forgotten group living in poverty and sometimes suffering from illnesses that were a direct outcome of the living conditions they had to endure during their incarceration (Captivity). People suffering these kinds of losses mourn their entire lives. At this critical point in their lives, belonging to the group of old people, they become physically weaker, are prone to old-age frailness and illnesses, loose the psychological resistance and defenses, friends are dying or have already died, they become more dependent on their surrounding. Some or all of these phenomenon can function as triggers reactivating old feelings, e.g.: being abandoned again, loneliness or fear, depressive feelings, of distrust and suspicion. Old age is perceived by them as a metaphor for the past, the miseries connected to WWII are coming back to hunt their sleepless nights. Each nation is responsible for the security of its inhabitants, creates laws for its citizens to ensure that justice be done, and should be capable of setting moral standards for itself, and aspiring for a better future. After joining the European Union much was improved in the economic and social fields of Central and Eastern Europe. Now, after the restoration of the physical world, time has come for governments to take responsibility for their most vulnerable citizens: the children, the weak, the ill, the elderly, and 60 years later also those which were victimized by the Nazi regime. Based on Maslow's ideas, (of the hierarchy of basic human needs) and my experience of more than 30 years working with Holocaust Survivors in the frame of NGO"s, Id like to propose the following working model in order to alleviate the suffering of the victims, mostly needy elderly people that still remain in the different countries. Step 1: A case worker of the local Social Services should do home visits in order to get an objective impression of the basic needs of the needy elderly. (the victim =the client) This should include the following topics: Everyone should have shelter: a bed to sleep on, a roof above his head. Food should be available (food packages, warm kitchen in the vicinity) Medication, medical alert system (emergency buzzers, etc), hospitalization if needed. On top of the existing services that are provided to all citizens: For the home bound, daily help should be provided (home care worker) Winter relief (warm blankets-coal-gas) Information should be given about the rights that the government provides. In every neighborhood, a nurse should make home visits on a regularly basis. Mobile services for the confined, some of them Geriatric cases. Senior day center-supportive community in the area. All these services, free of charge. Step 2. An information Center should be founded in each country, where each person can learn about his rights as a former Nazi-victim. For those homebound, reaching-out should be possible. This can be achieved with help from volunteers such as high-school students. A data bank should be founded to know where the former Nazi-victims are localized. Step 3. Community based programs: Promote public awareness. Educational programs in schools, universities, etc. Testimonies, document life histories Centers that provide a domestic atmosphere. Support groups, recreational activities, self-help groups. Volunteers to visit homebound clients Inter-generational meetings between former victims and high school students. Step 4. A central agency should teach, supervise, provide advice to local care-givers on the historical background of the former victim/client so that they can absorb the basic knowledge about this group, and be able to recognize the specific needs of this population. Conclusion: We expect from our Governments, to take action regarding the former Nazi-Victims, NOW, 64 years later: Governments ought to: Become aware and recognize the existence of this group; Show solidarity and improve their social and financial circumstances. Implement the program: Basic Needs, in order to alleviate their longstanding suffering. 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