ࡱ> VXU'` +bjbj*f#  ^   """"""$)hF F [vvv  v vv:,T z A   q0R 2. T T B v l4^ FF`           Ladies and Gentlemen! Although less than ten minutes are conceded to me in order to describe the German legal and social status of the NS-victims I nevertheless want to give thanks for the invitation. I do hope the congress results will lead to an improvement of the situation of all victims of Nazi-persecution in Europe especially in Eastern Europe. Considering the development of the indemnification law in Germany you will swiftly notice that this is only patchwork. Furthermore it must be pointed out that this German Law of Restitution was a result of allied powers intervention. Most notably the US-Americans demanded efforts from the first democratic Federal Government to atone for injustice suffered during the Third Reich. In the beginning the Federal Law for Compensation of Victims of National Socialist Persecution (Bundesentschdigungsgesetz or BEG) only compensated those NS-victims who were persecuted for reasons of race, of religion and of political opinion like Jews, Sinti and Roma, Communists and Jehovas Witnesses. But by no later than 1969 the BEG was rescinded. After 1969 it was only an issue when the laws wording was discussed or in cases of exacerbation (Verschlimmerung). According to the BEG the following prerequisites for filing a claim of exacerbation (Verschlimmerungsantrag) are: Exacerbation must be a result of suffered physical and/or mental injury. A declining health due to age justifies no claim. Exacerbation must occur before the age of 68. This limit was declined in the BEG during the 1950th. Hence, it does not correspond with the current life expectancy anymore. At least the German legislation recognized that the BEG has forgotten and ignored several groups of Nazi persecution such as Homosexuals, Victims of Euthanasie or so called Asoziale. Therefore, with the help of a hardship fund the General Act on War Matters (Allgemeines Kriegsfolgengesetz or AKG) was enacted in 1957. Two kinds of financial contribution were provided: i) A one-time aid of app. 2.500 Euro. ii) A monthly payment was granted only in cases of severe persecution (e.g. victims of Euthanasie). Until 2002 both grants were only paid out if a certain income line was not surpassed (1.150 Euro monthly for singles, 1.450 Euro for people living in cohabitation). But since 2002 these regulations were improved: Only when applying for monthly payment the recipient has to proof that he or she suffers hardship. And with regard to the one-time payment the term suffering injustice during the NS-period was emphasized from then on. Compensations under the AKG are still being accepted at this time. The Jewish Claims Conference initiated and administers several compensation funds: the Hardship Fund, the Article II Fund and the Central- and Eastern European Fund. The ongoing negotiations between the Jewish Claims Conference and Germany have advanced the interests of Jewish victims of Nazi persecution: The prerequisites to file a claim under Article II Fund for instance were improved. Old age pensions are of no interest anymore when applying for compensation under the Article II Fund. Yet it is incomprehensible regarding the Central- and Eastern European Fund why there is still a considerable gap between Western and Eastern Europe especially if you consider the advancing prices in Eastern-European countries. In the meantime the Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future (Erinnerung, Verantwortung & Zukunft or EVZ) has completed its payment. Now the EVZ concentrates on future oriented projects which are committed to both, the interests of NS-victims and historical responsibility. In spite of the fact that the Foundation worked effectively and successfully it is important to note that the Italian Military internees, the Greek victims as well as the Russian prisoners of war are still excluded of payments. Certainly this was not the Foundations task. Some German Federal States (Bundeslnder) created so called hardship funds. These funds provide financial support only to those victims of Nazism who are residents of the respective Bundesland. Again, the monthly income limits are 1.150 Euro for singles and 1.450 Euro for people living in cohabitation. It needs to be criticized that these subsidies were not raised within the last five years despite the inflation rate and increased cost. In June 2002 the German Bundestag passed the Law for the Payment of Pensions for Periods of Work in a Ghetto (Gesetz zur Zahlbarmachung von Renten aus Beschftigungszeiten in einem Ghetto or ZRBG) as result of a Federal Social Security Courts decision from 1997. Due to this decision survivors of Nazi ghettos were entitled to receive a monthly pension for voluntary and remunerated work. But the chief defect of the ZRBG was the fact that it was not part of the compensation law but of the social law and thus 90 percent of the applications were refused by the Social Security offices. For sure this was contrary to the governmental political will and meaning to establish a fast and unbureaucratic solution in order to close a gap in the indemnification law. Although all political parties shared this opinion regrettably the ZRBG has not yet been reformed. Especially the United States and Israel pressed the German Government to reform the ZRBG. Subsequently the German Government offered a one-time compensation of 2.000 Euro to those who had to work in a Nazi-Ghetto. Usually this compensation is still granted. Unfortunately the German Government feels not compelled any more to revise the ZRBG seriously. It has to be underlined that the German Federal Social Court precisely stated the term remuneration in June 2009. Contrary to the restrictive interpretation of the Social Security offices the court has clarified that each kind of remuneration counts as sufficient reason to apply for a Ghetto pension if a certain rest of voluntary can be stated, for instance when the centralized Jewish associations placed workers outside the Ghettos, too. From now on former rejected applications can be filed again. And the German pension insurance providers have declared that they will review all former rejected applications within the next 12 months. Doubts are allowed regarding the 60.000 cases. Until this very day politics completely ignore the problem of the Second Generation. Extensive and profound US-American and Israeli studies show that not only the victims lived through traumatic experiences during the Third Reich but have a severe impact on their children and thus the coming generations. Therefore, it would be desirable if the German Government becomes aware of this problem and finds appropriate practical solutions. Despite of the fact that the Federal Republic of Germany has paid enormous amounts for compensation the average pensions and indemnification payments are low. Many survivors currently live under difficult financial conditions. The percentage of those who are needy should not be underestimated. This affects all victim groups of Nazi persecution: Jews, Sinti and Roma, Homosexuals as well as people who were forcibly sterilized live under inacceptable conditions. Their life is stamped by isolation, fear, traumata, physical and psychological illnesses the financial problems aside. All this does not seem to be an exclusive German phenomenon. As far as we know and the NGOs we internationally cooperate with confirm this other countries have to consider the same problems. In this special concern the Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future (EVZ) is of great importance. The EVZ initiated and still initiates various model projects and pilot schemes in many but particularly Eastern European countries hoping that these activities will continue and become part of the national social systems. Now a Responsibility in Partnership is demanded. Regarding the German responsibility, the following tasks need to be solved: Finding appropriate solutions for those victims who havent received compensation yet (Italian Military internees, the Greek victims, the Russian prisoners of war). Improvement of living conditions through individual medical and therapeutic actions. Considering that many NS-victims suffer under bad financial circumstances. Facilitation is needed in order to live a life without constant worry. Revision of the Ghetto law without delegating responsibility to the highest courts. In order to file claims of exacerbation according to the BEG the minimum age must be raised from 68 to 75 due to the current life expectancy. Raising the hardship funds payment of the German Federal States. Considering the problem of the Second Generation and developing adequate solutions. In this short time I could only touch some of the current problems concerning the legal and social situation of the victims of Nazi persecution no matter if they are Jewish, Sinti and Roma, Political Persecutees or Forced Labourers. 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