аЯрЁБс>ўџ 68ўџџџ5џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС`№Пp0bjbjЫsЫs.4ЉЉ9%џџџџџџЄ(((((((<   8и, <њЖ$ $ "F F F F F F UWWWWWW$Аhž{9(m F F m m {((F F ДБ Б Б m p(F (F UБ m UБ Б ((Б F  <[SeўЩ н pБ UЪ0њБ ЖM ЖБ Ж(Б ЄF Ўє |Б p dд ™F F F {{M dF F F њm m m m <<<d <<< <<<((((((џџџџ The meaning and function of organizations of former Nazi concentration camp prisoners in society Dagmar Lieblovс The first organizations of former Nazi prisoners formed immediately after liberation, bringing together people who were returning home weakened, exhausted, and often gravely ill, to help them to return to normal life. In our country, after 1948, their Union was merged in the newly created Union of Freedom Fighters. The Terezin Initiative (TI) was founded in 1990. The main incentive for this was to make it public knowledge that in 1941-45 there had been in Terezin a concentration camp, the Ghetto, where Jews from the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, as well as from other German occupied countries, were assembled and from here mostly deported to their death in extermination camps. In the general perception of that time, what was mostly known was the Small Fortress of Terezin, a former police prison of the Prague Gestapo; the fact that in neighboring Main Fortress a large concentration camp had existed, was not being officially acknowledged and the public was ignorant of it. The TI set itself three aims: to keep alive the memory of the victims, to educate the young generation about the Holocaust, and to work for a decent life of those survivors of the Holocaust presently still living in this country. A first great success was the establishment of the Ghetto Museum in 1991. Presently, the membership of the TI is roughly 500 survivors and about 150 of their offspring. The aims the TI set itself at its inception are meaningful even now. Let me show this in a closer look at the individual aims. The German approach to the Jews was systematic, and so mostly entire families perished without a single survivor. A sector of society was murdered which for centuries had been an integral part of life of Czech towns and villages. There was a real possibility that all these people would vanish from memory – no relative had survived. In this situation, the TI initiated systematic work on the publishing of the so called Terezin Memorial Book, a simple name list of those deported from the Protectorate to Terezin and to Lodz, stating their fate in the Holocaust. Later, corresponding volumes with data on Jews from Germany and Austria appeared. In this way, a fitting memorial was created for all those whom nobody remembers, and also an important reliable source of data for people who write to the Czech Republic to find information on the fate of their grandparents and other relatives. Lately, several books of memories of survivors and expert publications on the lives of important personalities have been published; in these editorial activities, the TI and its branch, the Institute of the TI, play an important role. For the secondary school and university students of today, anything is part of history that had taken place before they were born, and what their parents hardly mention. About the period of the Protectorate they learn in the framework of history lessons, and that is all. At the same time it is obvious that this period of our past is, and should be, the crucial historic experience of our nation, and the lessons from it the guarantee that nothing similar happens here again. It turns out, and this does not come as a surprise, that for the young the knowledge of the Protectorate and the Holocaust is incomparably deeper and more cogent when the school lecture is being accompanied by a visit to Terezin and a chat with a survivor. The role is unique and irreplaceable of the former prisoners who both physically and mentally are able to take part in such informal chats, speak to young people about their experience, answer their questions and explain the danger inherent in neo-Nazism, in the curtailment of human liberties and in citizens’ indifference. For the time when the survivors no more will be with us, there are audio- and video-recordings of their memories, besides professionally made films. Nazi imprisonment had a lasting influence on the lives of the survivors. Many brought from prison health problems. Crucially however they mostly lost all their kin, often they no more were able to found new families, and now they live totally alone. This sets them apart from ordinary Czech retirees also in their needs. The Terezin Initiative puts up an effort to complement the Czech Social network in these specific conditions. TI, as any organization of survivors, is important also for the members themselves. They share a common experience in life, which brings certain closeness. It stimulates and assures them to meet, remember the past, share the success of their children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren, and exchange experience with working with the young of today. Also reading the regularly published Bulletin brings them information and helps solving specific problems. All activities of the TI require financial backing. There are voluntary contributions from our members – important was e.g. a substantial financial legacy from a childless former Terezin prisoner who later became a wealthy WHO expert. The TI also presently mediates and administers temporary payments from the Claims Conference towards easing the social situation of Czech survivors. The publication of the Terezin Memorial Book was co-financed by the German Government. It is however obvious this cannot be sufficient. The visits of Czech school classes to Terezin have been for years financially supported from voluntary contributions from TI members. It cannot be correct if society leaves the care for historic memory of the nation, the education of the young generation, and the material care for its war victims, for these same victims to finance it themselves, or to rely in these matters on foreign charity. 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